定语从句的倒装

定语从句的倒装

　　倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。以下是小编整理的定语从句的倒装，希望大家喜欢。

　　定语从句的倒装结构

　　Please translate：

　　This is the world out ofwhichgrows the hope, for the first time in history, of a societywherethere will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

　　【知识点】定语从句的倒装结构。

　　“介词+关系代词+从句谓语+从句主语”，即将整个谓语放在主语前面。我们的学习不仅要知其然，还要知其所以然。那么，为什么要采用倒装呢？往往是因为定语从句的主语较复杂，所以按照英语的尾重原则而后置了。

　　【句子拆分】

　　this is the world——主句；

　　out of which ... of a society——定语从句，修饰world；

　　where there ... from fear——定语从句，修饰society。

　　【翻译难点】

　　1、for the first time in history 为插入语，不要因此影响了对原句的理解。插入语可以先不看，再调整原句语序，得到 the hope of a society grows out of which (the world)，表示”希望建立这样一个社会“。

　　2、freedom from want and freedom from fear，其中freedom from来自于形容词短语 free from，表示“免除，没有”。另外要注意名词 want 意思为”贫困“。所以整个短语可译成”摆脱贫困，摆脱恐惧“。

　　【精品译文】

　　在这个世界，人类首次希望建立这样一个社会——在那里，他们将会摆脱贫困，摆脱恐惧。

　　大家的译文这次都有不同程度的理解错误呢。本句不长，不妨当成经典背下来，再遇难句也不怕了。

　　这个时代给人希望，在历史长河中，这是第一次免于匮乏，免于恐惧的世界。

　　有史以来第一次，这个世界能够出现一个没有缺失与恐惧的自由社会。

　　这是一个助长希望的世界。这个世界将前所未有地没有物欲和害怕。

　　这是有史以来第一次整个世界充满了希望，没有贫穷，没有恐慌

　　根据句意填上适当的关系词或介词+关系词（难度较低，适合初学定语从句者）。

　　定语从句中的十种常见错误

　　一、省去作主语的关系代词致错

　　误：The changes have happened in the past few years make the city look even more beautiful.

　　正：The changes that have happened in the past few years make the city look even more beautiful.

　　误：Those want to visit the art exhibition sign your names，please.

　　正：Those who want to visit the art exhibition sign your names，please.

　　分析：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省，但作主语时不能省。

　　二、从句中使用多余的代词或副词致错

　　误：The compositions we handed them in two weeks ago haven’t been marked yet.

　　正：The compositions we handed in two weeks ago haven’t been marked yet.

　　分析：从句中省去了作宾语的关系代词that或which，应去掉them。

　　误：After living in Paris for 60 years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child there.

　　正：After living in Paris for 60 years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.

　　分析：关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，使用there属语义重复，应去掉。

　　三、as / it / which混用致错

　　误：As is known to all that smoking does great harm to health.

　　正：It is known to all that smoking does great harm to health.或As is known to all，smoking does great harm to health.

　　分析：as引导非限制性定语从句，置于句首时，要用逗号与主句隔开;it放在句首，作形式主语时，将从句后置，中间不用逗号。

　　误：Tom drinks a lot every day，as his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　正：Tom drinks a lot every day，which his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　分析：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在主句后，也可放在主句前和主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后。当主句与从句语义一致时，通常用as，反之则用which。

　　四、从句中误用人称代词或物主代词致错

　　误：China has hundreds of islands，the largest of them is Taiwan.

　　正：China has hundreds of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.或China has hundreds of islands，and the largest of them is Taiwan.

　　分析：人称代词只能用在独立的单句或分句中，不能用在定语从句中。

　　误：The boss in her department Ms King worked looked down upon women.

　　正：The boss in whose department Ms King worked looked down upon women.

　　分析：物主代词不能在定语从句中作定语，定语从句中用whose作定语，修饰department。

　　五、关系代词与关系副词混用致错

　　误：I live in Hong Kong，where is the Special Administrative Zone.

　　正：I live in Hong Kong，which is the Special Administrative Zone.

　　误：Is this museum the one when some German friends visited the other day？

　　正：Is this museum the one that some German friends visited the other day？

　　分析：关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，关系副词在从句中作状语。

　　六、用 ing结构替换定语从句致错

　　误：The girl bringing milk here every morning is from a mountain village.

　　正：The girl who brings milk here every morning is from a mountain village.

　　误：The scholars returning from abroad recently were awarded by the local government.

　　正：The scholars who had returned from abroad recently were awarded by the local government.

　　分析：当定语从句的谓语动词表示经常性或习惯性的动作或定语从句谓语动词的.动作先于主句谓语动词的动作时，不宜用v.？鄄ing替换定语从句。

　　七、that与which混用致错

　　误：The weather turned out to be very good，that was more than we expected.

　　正：The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we expected.

　　误：The stories about the Second World War were written，of that this is one example.

　　正：The stories about the Second World War were written，of which this is one example.

　　分析：that和which使用情况有别，不可混淆。在非限制性定语从句中及介词后要使用which。下列情况须用that：1.先行词为something/anything/everything/nothing/all/much/little等;2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰;3.先行词被all/the/very/the only等修饰;4.先行词既有人，又有物时。

　　八、 谓语动词的人称和数与先行词不一致致错

　　误：I，who is your close friend，will certainly help you when in trouble.

　　正：I，who am your close friend，will certainly help you when in trouble.

　　分析：定语从句谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词保持一致。

　　误：This is the only one of the tape？鄄recorders in the sound lab that don’t need repairing.

　　正：This is the only one of the tape？鄄recorders in the sound lab that doesn’t need repairing.

　　分析：one前有the only修饰，因此one为先行词，从句谓语动词用单数does’t need。

　　九、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区分不清致错

　　误：Abraham Lincoln who led the American people through these years was shot at a theatre in Washington，D. C.

　　正：Abraham Lincoln，who led the American people through these years，was shot at a theatre in Washington，D. C.

　　分析：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限定的作用，非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充说明。当先行词为专有名词或表示“唯一”事物时，要用非限制性定语从句。

　　十、固定搭配不当致错

　　误：The house was sold at such a low price that people hadn’t expected.

　　正：The house was sold at such a low price as people hadn’t expected.

　　分析：先行词前若有such/the same/as/so等词修饰时，从句须用as引导。先行词前若有形容词比较级修饰时，从句一般用that引导。

　　何谓英语倒装句

　　为了强调、突出等语的目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。由于语法结构的要求，或是由于修辞的需要，往往要改变句子的自然语序，把一些本应置于主语之后的句子成分提到主语之前，而且倒装语序大多都用于强调。

　　英语倒装句的分类

　　常用的倒装句为完全倒装，部分倒装，特殊从句倒装，比较从句倒装。

　　1、完全倒装

　　完全倒桩，又称"全部倒装"，是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前，通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。

　　(1) 谓语+主语+……There be/appear/come/remain+主语(+地点或时间状语)

　　e.g. There appeared to be a woman in red.那里有个穿红衣服的女人。

　　(2) 副词+谓语动词+名词主语+表示方向的副词，如out, down, in, up, away, on

　　e.g. Down jumped the burglarfromthe tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

　　若开头用词为：here, there, now, thus, hence, then，也会倒装

　　e.g. Here comes the taxi.

　　(3) 过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……

　　e.g. Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.

　　2、部分倒装

　　部分倒装，又称半倒装句，指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其置于主语之前。

　　(1) 下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装 ：

　　never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。

　　e.g. Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

　　(2) 以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装

　　e.g. Only when you have obtained sufficient data canyou come to a sound conclusion.

　　(3) 以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装

　　倒装副词/短语：often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time

　　e.g. So involved withtheir computers do the childrenbecome that leaders atsummer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

　　3、特殊从句的倒装

　　（1）让步从句的倒装

　　(i) as 引导让步状语从句：必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。

　　e.g. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

　　(ii) 出现在句型be+主语+其他中。

　　e.g. Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, I’ll be on your side.

　　4、比较从句的倒装

　　as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。

　　例如： Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

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